Loren W. Nolte

Research Interests

Bayesian approach to signal detection, classification, estimation, tracking and decision and sensor fusion. Applications in ocean acoustics, and in medical imaging for cancer research.

Bio

Loren Nolte is Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering with a secondary appointment as Professor of Biomedical Engineering. He received his PhD in Electrical Engineering from the University of Michigan, AArbor. His current research interests are in signal detection and estimation theory with applications to ocean acoustics, biomedical statistical image processing, and optimal decision fusion.

Education

• B.S.E.E. Northwestern University, 1956
• M.S.E.E. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1960
• Ph.D. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1965

Positions

• Professor Emeritus in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering

Courses Taught

• ECE 581: Random Signals and Noise

Publications

• Xian Y, Sun X, Liao W, Zhang Y, Nowacek D, Nolte L. Intrinsic structure study of whale vocalizations. In: OCEANS 2016 MTS/IEEE Monterey, OCE 2016. 2016.
• Kiarashi N, Nolte LW, Lo JY, Segars WP, Ghate SV, Solomon JB, et al. Impact of breast structure on lesion detection in breast tomosynthesis, a simulation study. J Med Imaging (Bellingham). 2016 Jul;3(3):035504.
• Kiarashi N, Nolte AC, Sturgeon GM, Segars WP, Ghate SV, Nolte LW, et al. Development of realistic physical breast phantoms matched to virtual breast phantoms based on human subject data. Med Phys. 2015 Jul;42(7):4116–26.
• Kiarashi N, Nolte LW, Lo JY, Segars WP, Ghate SV, Samei E. The impact of breast structure on lesion detection in breast tomosynthesis. In: Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE. 2015.
• Kiarashi N, Lo JY, Lin Y, Ikejimba LC, Ghate SV, Nolte LW, et al. Development and application of a suite of 4-D virtual breast phantoms for optimization and evaluation of breast imaging systems. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2014 Jul;33(7):1401–9.
• Kiarashi N, Sturgeon GM, Nolte LW, Lo JY, III JTD, Segars WP, et al. Development of matched virtual and physical breast phantoms based on patient data. In: Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE. 2013.
• Kiarashi N, Ghate SV, Lo JY, Nolte LW, Samei E. Application of a dynamic 4D anthropomorphic breast phantom in contrast-based imaging system optimization: Dual-energy or temporal subtraction? Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics). 2012 Aug 15;7361 LNCS:658–65.
• Kiarashi N, Lin Y, Segars WP, Ghate SV, Ikejimba L, Chen B, et al. Development of a dynamic 4D anthropomorphic breast phantom for contrast-based breast imaging. In: Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE. 2012.
• Chen B, Shorey J, Saunders RS, Richard S, Thompson J, Nolte LW, et al. An anthropomorphic breast model for breast imaging simulation and optimization. Acad Radiol. 2011 May;18(5):536–46.
• Agasthya GA, Shah JP, Harrawood BP, Nolte LW, Kapadia AJ. Computerized detection of low SNR cases in NSECT: An ROC-based sensitivity analysis. IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. 2011 Jan 1;3935–8.
• Barr RC, Nolte LW, Pollard AE. Bayesian quantitative electrophysiology and its multiple applications in bioengineering. IEEE reviews in biomedical engineering. 2010 Jan;3:155–68.
• Qian M, Aguilar M, Zachery KN, Privitera C, Klein S, Carney T, et al. Decision-level fusion of EEG and pupil features for single-trial visual detection analysis. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering. 2009 Jul;56(7):1929–37.
• Barr RC, Nolte LW, Pollard AE. Bayesian analysis of fiber impedance measurements. Conference proceedings : . Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Conference. 2007 Dec 1;423–9.
• Jesneck JL, Mukherjee S, Nolte LW, Lokshin AE, Marks JR, Lo J. Decision fusion of circulating markers for breast cancer detection in premenopausal women. In 2007. p. 1434–8.
• Liao Y, Nolte LW, Collins LM. Decision fusion of ground-penetrating radar and metal detector algorithms - A robust approach. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. 2007 Feb 1;45(2):398–409.
• Barr RC, Nolte LW, Pollard AE. Bayesian analysis of fiber impedance measurements. Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Annual International Conference. 2007 Jan;2007:423–9.
• Barr RC, Nolte LW, Pollard AE. Bayesian analysis of fiber impedance measurements. Conference proceedings : . Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society Conference. 2007;2007:423–9.
• Jesneck JL, Nolte LW, Baker JA, Floyd CE, Lo JY. Optimized approach to decision fusion of heterogeneous data for breast cancer diagnosis. Med Phys. 2006 Aug;33(8):2945–54.
• Jesneck JL, Nolte LW, Baker JA, Lo JY. The effect of data set size on computer-aided diagnosis of breast cancer: Comparing decision fusion to a linear discriminant. Progress in Biomedical Optics and Imaging - Proceedings of SPIE. 2006 Jun 23;6146.
• Sha L, Nolte LW. Bayesian sonar detection performance prediction with source position uncertainty using SWellEx-96 vertical array data. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering. 2006 Apr 1;31(2):345–55.
• Sha L, Nolte LW. Effects of environmental uncertainties on sonar detection performance prediction. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2005 Apr;117(4 Pt 1):1942–53.
• Sha L, Nolte LW. Bayesian sonar detection performance prediction in the presence of interference in uncertain environments. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2005 Apr;117(4 Pt 1):1954–64.
• Liao Y, Nolte LW, Collins L. Optimal Multisensor Decision Fusion of Mine Detection Algorithms. In: Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. 2003. p. 1252–60.
• Bilska-Wolak AO, Floyd CE, Nolte LW, Lo JY. Application of likelihood ratio to classification of mammographic masses; performance comparison to case-based reasoning. Med Phys. 2003 May;30(5):949–58.
• Tantum SL, Nolte LW, Krolik JL, Harmanci K. The performance of matched-field track-before-detect methods using shallow-water Pacific data. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2002 Jul;112(1):119–27.
• Liu QH, Zhang ZQ, Wang TT, Bryan JA, Ybarra GA, Nolte LW, et al. Active microwave imaging I - 2-D forward and inverse scattering methods. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques. 2002;50(1 I):123–33.
• Tantum SL, Nolte LW. On array design for matched-field processing. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 2000 Apr;107(4):2101–11.
• Tantum SL, Nolte LW. Effects of signal-to-noise ratio mismatch on Bayesian matched-field source localization performance. ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - Proceedings. 1999 Jan 1;5:2777–80.
• Rasimas JG, Tantum SL, Nolte LW. Bayesian signal detection for multiple aspect targets with an uncertain look angle. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. 1999 Jan 1;3710(I):718–26.
• Shorey JA, Nolte LW. Wideband optimal a posteriori probability source localization in an uncertain shallow ocean environment. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1998 Jan 1;103(1):355–61.
• Tantum SL, Nolte LW. Tracking and localizing a moving source in an uncertain shallow water environment. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1998 Jan 1;103(1):362–73.
• Hodgkiss WS, Nolte LW. Optimal array processor performance trade-offs under directional uncertainty. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst (USA). 1998;AES12(5):603–13.
• Collins LM, George V, Altshuler TW, Nolte LW, Carlin L. Improved decision-theoretic approach to the optimum detection of mines. In: Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. 1997. p. 716–23.
• Book PJ, Nolte LW. Wide-band source localization in the presence of internal waves. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1997 Nov 1;102(5 I):2597–606.
• Book PJ, Nolte LW. Narrow-band source localization in the presence of internal waves for 1000-km range and 25-Hz acoustic frequency. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1997 Mar 1;101(3):1336–46.
• Vargas-Voracek R, Floyd CE, Nolte LW, McAdams P. Hierarchical Markov random field modeling for texture classification in chest radiographs. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. 1996 Dec 1;2710:679–85.
• Nolte LW, Shorey JA. Posteriori probability source localization in an uncertain shallow water environment (Hudson Canyon). ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - Proceedings. 1996 Jan 1;2:1197–200.
• Premus V, Alexandrou D, Nolte LW. Full-field optimum detection in an uncertain, anisotropic random wave scattering environment. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1995 Jan 1;98(2):1097–110.
• Michalopoulou ZH, Nolte LW, Alexandrou D. Performance evaluation of multilayer perceptrons in signal detection and classification. IEEE transactions on neural networks. 1995 Jan;6(2):381–6.
• Jalihal D, Nolte LW. Signal detection theory and reconstruction algorithms--performance for images in noise. IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering. 1994 May;41(5):501–4.
• Jalihal D, Nolte LW. Signal Detection Theory Approach to the Multiple Parallel Moving Targets Problem. CVGIP: Graphical Models and Image Processing. 1993 Jul 1;55(4):235–54.
• Haralabus G, Premus V, Alexandrou D, Nolte LW, Richardson AM. Source localization in an uncertain acoustic scattering environment. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1993 Jan 1;94(6):3379–86.
• Shorey JA, Nolte LW. A Posteriori Probability Source Localization with Uncertain Mesoscale Eddy Currents. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering. 1993 Jan 1;18(3):199–208.
• Richardson AM, Nolte LW. A posteriori probability source localization with array tilt uncertainty. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1992 Oct 14;92(3):1578–82.
• Michalopoulou Z, Nolte L, Alexandrou D. ROC performance evaluation of multilayer perceptrons in the detection of one of M orthogonal signals. In: ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - Proceedings. 1992. p. 309–12.
• Shorey JA, Nolte LW. Source localization in the presence of a mesoscale eddy. In: OCEANS 1992 - Proceedings: Mastering the Oceans Through Technology. 1992. p. 396–401.
• Jalihal D, Nolte LW. Optimal detection theory and image reconstruction-Comparison of performance in the presence of noise. Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine and Biology. 1991 Dec 1;13(pt 1):26–7.
• Richardson AM, Nolte LW. A posteriori probability source localization in an uncertain sound speed, deep ocean environment. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1991 Jan 1;89(5):2280–4.
• Rajala SA, Nolte LW, Aanstoos JV. Detection of unresolved target tracks in infrared imagery. Proceedings of SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering. 1991 Jan 1;1606(pt 1):360–71.
• Richardson AM, Nolte LW. Source localization in an uncertain range-dependent ocean. Oceans Conference Record (IEEE). 1990 Sep 1;263–7.
• Brown DG, Lee JN, Blinder RA, Wang HZ, Riederer SJ, Nolte LW. CNR enhancement in the presence of multiple interfering processes using linear filters. Magn Reson Med (USA). 1990;14(1):79–96.
• Reibman AR, Nolte LW. Optimal Design and Performance of Distributed Signal Detection Systems with Faults. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. 1990 Jan 1;38(10):1771–82.
• Reibman AR, Nolte LW. Optimal Fault-Tolerant Signal Detection. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. 1990 Jan 1;38(1):179–80.
• Hunt DJ, Nolte LW, Reibman AR, Howard Ruedger W. Hough transform and signal detection theory performance for images with additive noise. Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing. 1990 Jan 1;52(3):386–401.
• Izzo L, Paura L, Reiban AR, Nolte LW. Comments, with reply, on `Optimal detection and performance of distributed sensor systems'. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst (USA). 1989;25(1):113–4.
• Reibman AR, Nolte LW. On determining the design of fusion detection networks. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. 1988 Dec 1;2474–2473.
• Reibman AR, Nolte LW. PERFORMANCE OF REDUNDANT AND DISTRIBUTED DETECTION SYSTEMS WITH PROCESSOR FAULTS. ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - Proceedings. 1988 Jan 1;2805–8.
• Hunt DJ, Nolte LW, Howard Ruedger W. Performance of the hough transform and its relationship to statistical signal detection theory. Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing. 1988 Jan 1;43(2):221–38.
• Reibman AR, Nolte LW. DETECTION PERFORMANCE OF TWO-SENSOR DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS FOR NORMAL LOCAL ROCS. Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. 1987 Jan 1;1616–7.
• Reibman AR, Nolte LW. Optimal Detection and Performance of Distributed Sensor Systems. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 1987 Jan 1;AES-23(1):24–30.
• Reibman AR, Nolte LW. Design and Performance Comparison of Distributed Detection Networks. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 1987 Jan 1;AES-23(6):789–97.
• Nolte LW, Lee SC, Liu SCC. On Performance of Array Signal Processing. IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering. 1987 Jan 1;12(1):148–54.
• Richardson AM, Nolte LW. UNDERWATER ACOUSTIC MULTIPATH SIGNAL PROCESSING. Proceedings of the Annual Southeastern Symposium on System Theory. 1987 Jan 1;228–30.
• Reibman AR, Nolte LW. PERFORMANCE OF DISTRIBUTED DETECTION NETWORKS. Proceedings of the Annual Southeastern Symposium on System Theory. 1987 Jan 1;236–9.
• Hunt DJ, Nolte LW, Ruedger WH. COMPARISON OF HOUGH TRANSFORM AND SIGNAL DETECTION THEORY APPROACHES FOR CURVE DETECTION. Proceedings of the Annual Southeastern Symposium on System Theory. 1987 Jan 1;520–4.
• Nolte LW, Lee SC, Liu SC. On performance of array signal processing. IEEE J Ocean Eng (USA). 1987;E-12(1):148–54.
• Zeferjahn K, Nolte LW. SIGNAL DETECTION IN NON-GAUSSIAN ENVIRONMENTS. 1984 Dec 1;315–7.
• Earp SL, Nolte LW. MULTICHANNEL DETECTION OF KNOWN SIGNALS IN NOISE OF UNCERTAIN LEVEL. 1984 Dec 1;312–4.
• Earp SL, Nolte LW. MULTICHANNEL ADAPTIVE ARRAY PROCESSING FOR OPTIMAL DETECTION. ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - Proceedings. 1984 Jan 1;1.
• Beck JW, Jaszczak RJ, Edward Coleman R, Frank Starmer C, Nolte LW. Analysis of spect including scatter and attenuation using sophisticated monte carlo modeling methods. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 1982 Jan 1;29(1):506–11.
• Sharpe SM, Nolte LW. ADAPTIVE MSE ESTIMATION. ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - Proceedings. 1981 Jan 1;2:518–21.
• Beck JW, Jaszczak RJ, Coleman RE, Starmer CF, Nolte LW. ANALYSIS OF SPECT INCLUDING SCATTER AND ATTENUATION USING SOPHISTICATED MONTE CARLO MODELING METHODS. IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science. 1981;NS-29(1):506–11.
• Huffman SD, Nolte LW. ADAPTIVE LINEAR ESTIMATION BASED ON TIME DOMAIN ORTHOGONALITY. Record - IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech & Signal Processing. 1980 Jan 1;2:453–6.
• Liu SCC, Nolte LW. Performance Evaluation of Array Processors for Detecting Gaussian Acoustic Signals. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. 1980 Jan 1;28(3):328–33.
• Lui SCC, Nolte LW. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ARRAY PROCESSORS FOR DETECTING GAUSSIAN ACOUSTIC SIGNALS. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing. 1980;ASSP-28(3):328–33.
• Hodgkiss WS, Nolte LW. A sequential implementation of optimal array processors. IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst (USA). 1980;AES-16(3):349–54.
• Huffman SD, Nolte LW. FIXED-POINT ITERATION ALGORITHM FOR ADAPTIVE LINEAR ESTIMATION APPLIED TO SPECTRAL LINE ENHANCEMENT. 1979 Jan 1;958–61.
• Hodgkiss WS, Nolte LW. Array Processor Performance Under Directional Uncertainty. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 1978 Jan 1;AES-14(5):826–32.
• Hodgkiss WS, Nolte LW. ON RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DETECTION AND ESTIMATION THEORY. 1978 Jan 1;133–65.
• Liu CS, Nolte LW. Performance sensitivity of array detectors to a priori spatial knowledge. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1978 Jan 1;63(3):848–59.
• Lee SC, Nolte LW, Hatsell CP. A Generalized Likelihood Ratio Formula: Arbitrary Noise Statistics for Doubly Composite Hypotheses. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 1977 Jan 1;23(5):637–40.
• Liu CS, Nolte LW. Performance evaluation of array processors for detecting Gaussian acoustic signals. In: ICASSP, IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing - Proceedings. 1977. p. 691–4.
• Hodgkiss WS, Nolte LW. Adaptive optimum array processing. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1977 Jan 1;61(3):763–75.
• Liu CS, Nolte LW. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ARRAY PROCESSORS FOR DETECTING GAUSSIAN ACOUSTIC SIGNALS. 1977 Jan 1;691–4.
• Hodgkiss WS, Nolte LW. Adaptive optimum array processing [acoustic]. J Acoust Soc Am (USA). 1977;61(3):763–75.
• Hodgkiss WS, Nolte LW. Bayes optimal versus estimate and plug array processor performance when there is directional uncertainty. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute of Signal Processing. 1977;I:203–12.
• Scharf LL, Nolte LW. Likelihood Ratios for Sequential Hypothesis Testing on Markov Sequences. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 1977 Jan 1;23(1):101–9.
• Hodgkiss WS, Nolte LW. Optimal Array Processor Performance Trade-offs Under Directional Uncertainty. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 1976 Jan 1;AES-12(5):605–15.
• Hodgkiss WS, Nolte LW. Covariance between Fourier coefficients representing the time waveforms observed from an array of sensors. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1976 Jan 1;59(3):582–90.
• Liu CS, Nolte LW. Performance comparison between a simplified and the optimal decoder for minimising symbol error rate. IEEE Trans Commun (USA). 1976;CM–24(1):134–8.
• Liu CS, Nolte LW. PERFORMANCE COMPARISON BETWEEN A SIMPLIFIED AND THE OPTIMAL DECODER FOR MINIMIZING SYMBOL ERROR RATE. IEEE Transactions on Communications. 1976;COM-24(1):134–8.
• Adams SL, Nolte LW. Bayes optimum array detection of targets of known location. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1975 Jan 1;58(3):656–69.
• Adams SL, Nolte LW. Optimum array detection in fluctuating ambient noise fields. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1975 Jan 1;58(3):670–8.
• Hodgkiss WS, Nolte LW. BAYES OPTIMUM AND MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD APPROACHES IN AN ARRAY PROCESSING PROBLEM. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 1975;AES-11(5):913–6.
• Hodgkiss WS, Nolte LW. NOTE ON THE CALCULATION OF PERFORMANCE FOR LIKELIHOOD RATIO PROCESSORS VIA COMPUTER SIMULATION. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 1975;IT-21(6):695–8.
• Gallop MA, Nolte LW. Bayesian Detection of Targets of Unknown Location. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 1974 Jan 1;AES-10(4):429–35.
• Hatsell CP, Nolte LW. Optimal Detection of a Signal with Time-Varying Carrier Phase. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 1974 Jan 1;AES-10(6):788–94.
• Hatsell CP, Nolte LW. A new generalized likelihood ratio formula. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern (USA). 1974;SMC-4(4):389–92.
• Nolte LW. ADAPTIVE PROCESSING: TIME-VARYING PARAMETERS. 1973 Jan 1;647–56.
• Baxa, G E, Jr, Nolte, W L. Adaptive signal detection with finite memory. IEEE Trans Syst Man Cybern (USA). 1972;SMC-21:42–9.
• Gallop MA, Nolte LW. Adaptive optimal array detection of targets of unknown spatial location. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Decision and Control. 1971. p. 566–7.
• HATSELL C, NOLTE L. Some geometric properties of the likelihood ratio. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 1971;IT-17(5):616–8.
• Hatsell CP, Nolte LW. On Transient and PeriodicSignal Detection in Time-Varying Noise Power. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 1971 Jan 1;AES-7(6):1100–12.
• Hatsell CP, Nolte LW. Some Geometric Properties of the Likelihoood Ratio. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 1971 Jan 1;17(5):616–8.
• Hatsell CP, Nolte LW. Detectability of burst-like signals. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. 1971 Jan 1;AES-7(2):398–400.
• Baxa EG, Nolte LW. Sequentially operating finite memory detectors. In: Proceedings of the 1970 9th IEEE Symposium on Adaptive Processes, Decision and Control, SAP 1970. 1970.
• Hatsell CP, Nolte LW. A new generalized likelihood ratio philosophy. In: Proceedings of the 1970 9th IEEE Symposium on Adaptive Processes, Decision and Control, SAP 1970. 1970.
• Nolte LW. Adaptive optimum detection: synchronous-recurrent transients. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1968 Jul;44(1):224–39.
• Nolte LW. An Adaptive Realization of the Optimum Receiver for a Sporadically Recurrent Waveform in Noise. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 1967 Jan 1;13(2):308–11.
• Nolte LW. An adaptive realization of the optimum receiver for a sporadically recurrent wave-form in noise. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 1967;IT-13(2):308–11.
• Nolte LW. Theory of signal detectability: adaptive optimum receiver design. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1967;42(4):773–7.
• Nolte LW, Jaarsma D. More on the detection of one of M orthogonal signals. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 1967;41(2):497–505.
• NOLTE LW. An Adaptive Realization of the Optimum Receiver for a Synchronous Recurrent Waveform. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory. 1966 Jan 1;12(1):78–80.
• Nolte LW. Adaptive realization of optimum receiver for sporadic-recurrent waveform in noise. IEEE -- Communications Convention. 1965;593–8.
• Xian Y, Thompson A, Qiu Q, Nolte L, Nowacek D, Lu J, et al. Classification of whale vocalizations using the Weyl transform. In.
• Shorey JA, Nolte LW, Krolik JL. Computationally efficient Monte Carlo estimation algorithms for matched field processing in uncertain ocean environments. J Comput Acoust (Singapore). 2(3):285–314.